Developmental Toxicity Using the Rat Whole Embryo Culture.

In vivo and in vitro experiments have been used to investigate the effect of drugs, chemical agents, growth factors, vitamins, etc., on embryonic development. Alternative tests have been developed to determine whether drugs or other compounds have toxic or teratogenic effects on a particular organ or tissue. The rat whole embryo culture method is useful for studying the mechanism of normal embryo development. The explanted rat conceptuses grow in the culture environment at the same rate as in utero development. Furthermore, the considerable advantage of explanting rat embryos is that it allows direct observation of embryogenesis. The rat whole embryo culture is run by explanting rat embryos on gestation day 9.5 for rats. The conceptuses are then cultured on a rotating platform in a mixture of culture medium with appropriate gassing for 48 hours. The maternal serum is used as the culture medium, and chemicals or other agents to be evaluated separately are added to this medium. At the end of the culture period, growth and development of the embryos are evaluated morphologically.

Relationship between cervical spinal cord morphometry and clinical disability in patients with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that commonly affects the cervical part of the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cervical spinal cord atrophy and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS: We examined the cervical spinal cord area measurements of 64 multiple sclerosis patients and 64 healthy control groups over the images obtained by a T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging device. RESULTS: The C2-3, C3-4, C4-5, and C6-7 axial cross-sectional surface area values of the patient group were statistically lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). A negative correlation was found between patients' Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7 axial area (axial area p<0.05; r1=-0.472, r2=-0.513, and r3=-0.415). CONCLUSION: When all parameters were evaluated, the data of our control group were found to be higher than the multiple sclerosis groups. There appears to be a significant relationship between patients with cervical spinal cord atrophy and an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale scores.

Differences in the anatomical structure of the uterus between fertile and infertile individuals.

Infertility affects a significant portion of the reproductive population and is caused by structural and hormonal factors. The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies is 3%-4%, with the most common anomaly being septate uterus. However, further research is needed to determine whether these anomalies can cause infertility. In this study, we compared the morphometric parameters of the uterus of fertile and infertile individuals. Based on the data obtained, we aimed to determine the parameters to be evaluated for fertility prediction and to investigate the effect of uterine septum on fertility. The uteruses of 55 infertile and 80 fertile individuals between the age range of 20-45 years were analyzed retrospectively using magnetic resonance images. Infertile individuals were categorized into two groups according to the reasons for infertility: Group I, which included women with congenital uterine anomalies (septate uterus), and Group II, which included women with tubal and male factors. Group III comprised fertile individuals. Uterine length (UL), uterine body length (UbL), cervical length (CxL), uterine cavity length (UcL), anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), fundal thickness (FT), and ostial distance (OD) were measured. The uterine positions were examined. The data of uterine variables were evaluated statistically according to age and groups. The mean ages of individuals in Groups I, II, and III were 29.88 ± 6.69, 29.21 ± 4.59, and 27.45 ± 5.43 years, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of UL, UbL, CxL, UcL, APD, FT, and OD variables (p < 0.05), except for TD (p > 0.05). We observed that UL, UcL, length/width ratio, and APD parameters are important factors that influence fertility. Evaluating these parameters before septum resection would be useful in predicting the contribution of this surgical operation to fertility.

Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the optic canal in three different parts in MDCT images.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to classify the morphometry and variations of optic canal by examining its changes according to gender and body side, and developments according to age. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the orbit and paranasal sinus computerized tomography images of 200 individuals (age range 3 months-90 years;106 female, 94 male). In this study, three different parts of optic canal in evaluated morphometric and morphological. RESULTS: The intracranial aperture was found to be statistically significantly wide in males than females on both sides (p Ë‚ 0.05). When optic canal types were evaluated, the most common type among healthy individuals was conical type (right: 68%, left:67.5%), and the least common type was irregular type (right and left:1.5%). According to the type of optic waist, the most common was triangle type. CONCLUSION: Considering the possible effect of optic canal size on pathologies, it is important to establish a basis for the parameters of this structure in healthy individuals. In this study, both the morphology and morphometry of the canal as well as variations were examined and it was determined that the structure was affected by gender, body side and age group. Knowledge of anatomic morphometry, variations and complexities arising from these are important for clinical diagnosis and management.

Anatomical variations of the superficial palmar arch in human fetuses.

The superficial palmar arch is an important anatomical structure that contributes to the arterial supply of the palmar side of the hand in the upper extremity. However, there is limited information on the embryological morphological structure of the superficial palmar arch in the literature. We studied the types of the superficial palmar arch and determined their variations by dissecting 80 upper extremities of 40 formalin-fixed human fetuses (19 males, 21 females) 18-37 weeks of age. The types and variations of the superficial palmar arch were examined, and the median artery was imaged. The superficial palmar arch type was complete in 58 hands (72.5%) and incomplete in 22 hands (27.5%). The complete group consisted of type A (47.5%), type B (16.25%), type C (3.75%), type D (1.25%), and type E (3.75%). On the other hand, the incomplete group consisted of type F (15%), type G (8.75%), type H (2.5%), and type I (1.25%). A median artery that originated from the ulnar artery and passed through the carpal tunnel during its course was detected in two hands (2.5%). Knowledge of the superficial palmar arch variations will contribute to hand microsurgery particularly in vascular graft and free flap application interventions for arterial bleeding in the palmar region.

Morphometric evaluation and classification of the superior orbital fissure on 3D MDCT images.

The anatomy of the superior orbital fissure is very important because of the spaces it connects, the regions it is adjacent to, and the structures it contains. We aimed to study the width, length and types of the structure, their change according to gender, body sides, and age. The fissure shape has many variations that are not easy to systematize. Therefore, it was aimed to classify them with various reference points determined for the first time, identify their types and determine their incidence. An objective and comprehensive classification was used on 3-dimensional images using multidetector computed tomography. We retrospectively evaluated the orbit and paranasal sinus computerized tomography images of 200 individuals (age range: 3 months-90 years;106 female, 94 male). The shape of fissure were identified and classified, it is length and width were measured. There was no statistical difference in the length of the fissure according to gender on both sides, and in width only on the left (p˃0.05). On the right side, it was statistically significantly wider in female (p˂0.05). While the fissure types were grouped based on observation in the literature, they were defined more comprehensively according to different shape features by giving a certain reference lines by us for the first time and evaluated over seven types. The most common shape for both sides was racket-shaped type (right: 24.5%, left: 26%), while the least common was narrow type (right: 1%, left: 2%). Thus, the shape variations of structure have gained a systematic typing criterion for the first time with the definitions in our study.

Relationship between cervical spinal cord morphometry and clinical disability in patients with multiple sclerosis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that commonly affects the cervical part of the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cervical spinal cord atrophy and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS: We examined the cervical spinal cord area measurements of 64 multiple sclerosis patients and 64 healthy control groups over the images obtained by a T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging device. RESULTS: The C2-3, C3-4, C4-5, and C6-7 axial cross-sectional surface area values of the patient group were statistically lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). A negative correlation was found between patients' Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7 axial area (axial area p<0.05; r1=-0.472, r2=-0.513, and r3=-0.415). CONCLUSION: When all parameters were evaluated, the data of our control group were found to be higher than the multiple sclerosis groups. There appears to be a significant relationship between patients with cervical spinal cord atrophy and an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale scores.

Morphometric examination of trigeminal nerve and its adjacent structures in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Morphological differences that can lead the trigeminal nerve to neurovascular conflict and a new solitary pontine lesion are associated with the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). In this case-control study, we aimed to contribute to the current discussions about the pathogenesis of TN by investigating the anatomical structures that may have an effect on the morphometric parameters of the trigeminal nerve. METHODS: This study included 25 patients with TN followed up for pain in the Department of Algology, Faculty of Medicine, and 25 age- and gender-matched controls. We performed morphometric measurements including the length and volume of the trigeminal nerve, cerebellopontine cistern, pons, and posterior fossa in the MRIs of these individuals. Comparative analyses were performed for the mean of the affected and unaffected sides of the TN patients and the right, left, and both sides of the control group. RESULTS: In patients with TN, on the affected side, length and volume of the trigeminal nerve and cerebellopontine cistern volume were found smaller than controls (p < 0.05). Pons volume was higher in patients with TN compared to controls (p < 0.05). The length of the affected nerve was significantly related to prepontine cistern length and cerebellopontine cistern volume (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The cerebellopontine cistern volume has a significant impact on the morphometric characteristics of the trigeminal nerve. Especially, whether the increase in the volume of pons causes a decrease in the volume of cerebellopontine cistern should be clarified with further research.

External ear anatomy and variations in neonates.

It is aesthetically important that the auricle has a natural and beautiful shape. The sizes, position and symmetry of normal auricle are used for different purposes in different disciplines. A deformation in the auricle of neonates and its size or location on the face may indicate a possible anomaly. The aim of this study is to investigate the normal sizes, anomaly types, anomaly rates and the relationship between hearing screening test results and auricular anomaly of the neonatal auricle. The length, width, angle, and distance measurements of the auricle were made in neonates (n = 550). Anomaly types of auricle were observed. Goniometer was used to measure angles; digital caliper and ruler were used to measure lengths. Anomalies were detected by the method of observation. In the morphometric data of the neonatal auricle, differences were determined in length and width values in terms of gender. Various types of anomalies were observed in the right ear of 96 participants and in the left ear of 103 participants. Normal auricle size, position and symmetry are important for surgical reconstructions, hearing aid design, producing data banks on gender, age and ethnicity, and providing reference information for multiple diagnostic and forensic procedures. Recognition and early detection of auricular anomalies play an essential role in clinical diagnosis and their correction with special devices.

In vitro study of the toxic and teratogenic effects of prednisolone, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetile on embryological development of rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the glucocorticoid prednisolone, the mycophenolic acid prodrug, azathioprine, and the fungi fermentation end product, mycophenolate mofetile on the embryological development of rats. Nine day-old rat embryos were cultured in rat serum containing prednisolone at varying concentrations (5-30 µg/ml) for 48 h. The test groups were cultured separately in rat serum containing 0.3-10 µg/ml azathioprine and 1-10 µg/ml mycophenolate mofetile. Embryonic development parameter effects of both drugs in combination with prednisolone (20 µg/ml) were studied using morphological methods, with special attention given to the incidence of malformations. The genotoxic effects of agents evaluated with the TUNEL test revealed that prednisolone is not a cause of developmental toxicity. The maximum safe dose of prednisolone that could be used in combination with other immunosuppressive agents was determined to be 20 µg/ml. Azathioprine was found to be toxic and teratogenic for the rat embryos beginning at a dose of 1 µg/ml. Dose-dependent toxic and teratogenic effects of mycophenolate mofetile were detected at doses lower than normal clinical ones.

Diameter measurements and variations of the hepatic arterial system in multidetector computed tomography images / Mediciones de diámetro y variaciones del sistema arterial hepático en imágenes de tomografía computarizada multidetector

SUMMARY: Liver plays an important role in many events such as bile production, blood filtration and metabolic functions. The liver is supplied by the hepatic arterial system. The hepatic arterial system anatomy has a variable structure and the rate of variation is high. In our study, we aimed to determine the diameters and variation of the arteries supplying the liver with multidetector computed tomography images. In this study, hepatic arterial system variations of 500 cases whose abdominal region was imaged with multi- detector computed tomography were evaluated and the diameters of the related arteries were measured. The mean diameters of classical and variational anatomy were determined in this study. According to mean measurements of classical and variational anatomy were abdominal aorta 21.95 mm, celiac artery 7.2 mm, common hepatic artery 4.3 mm, proper hepatic artery 2.93 mm, right hepatic artery 2.92 mm, left hepatic artery 2.51 mm and abdominal aorta 21.85 mm, celiac artery 6.99 mm, common hepatic artery 5.07 mm, proper hepatic artery 3.83 mm, right hepatic artery 2.87 mm ve left hepatic artery 2.09 mm respectively. When evaluated in terms of variations, 85.6 % of the cases had branching according to Type I, 14.4 % of the cases had different branching patterns. Type III (87.5 %) was the most observed variation among them. As a result of the study, it was determined that the arterial diameters vary according to the state of variation and that the arterial diameter of men are greater than that of women.

RESUMEN: El hígado juega un papel importante en diferentes eventos, tal como la producción de bilis, la filtración de sangre y las funciones metabólicas. El hígado está irrigado por el sistema arterial hepático. La anatomía del sistema arterial hepático tiene una estructura variable y la tasa de variación es alta. En nuestro estudio, nuestro objetivo fue determinar los diámetros y la variación de las arterias que irrigan el hígado con imágenes de tomografía computarizada multidetector. Se evaluaron las variaciones del sistema arterial hepático de 500 casos y se obtuvieron imágenes con tomografía computarizada de detectores múltiples abdominales y se midieron los diámetros de las arterias relacionadas. Se determinaron los diámetros medios de la anatomía clásica y variacional. Según las medidas medias de la anatomía clásica y variacional fueron aorta abdominal 21,95 mm, arteria celíaca 7,2 mm, arteria hepática común 4,3 mm, arteria hepática propia 2,93 mm, arteria hepática derecha 2,92 mm, arteria hepática izquierda arteria 2,51 mm y parte abdominal de la aorta 21,85 mm, arteria celíaca 6,99 mm, arteria hepática común 5,07 mm, arteria hepática propia 3,83 mm, arteria hepática derecha 2,87 mm y arteria hepática izquierda 2,09 respectivamente. Cuando se evaluó en términos de variaciones, el 85,6 % de los casos tenían ramificaciones según el Tipo I, el 14,4 % de los casos tenían diferentes patrones de ramificación. El tipo III (87,5 %) fue la variación más observada entre ellos. Como resultado del estudio, se determinó que los diámetros arteriales varían según el estado de variación y que el diámetro arterial de los hombres es mayor que el de las mujeres.

Classification and volumetric study of the sphenoid sinus on MDCT images.

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the position and size of the sphenoid sinus (SS) in our study and compare the results of the measurements relative to age, gender, and the presence of pituitary adenoma using multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the paranasal sinus computerized tomography (CT) images of 200 individuals (age range of all the individuals 4-84 years; 101 females, 99 males; age range of individuals with pituitary adenoma 15-63 years; 15 females, 9 males) with 24 pituitary adenomas. The shape of SS were identified and classified, volume were measured by MDCT also for individuals with pituitary adenoma. RESULTS: It was determined that the volume averages were significantly affected by the type of SS. Among all the individuals studied, the sellar type of SS was most frequently observed (41.5%), followed by the postsellar type (38.5%), and the least observed was the presellar type (9%). The volume of the SS is bigger in males than females although the volume is not affected by the presence of pituitary adenomas. The development of the SS continues until the age of nine. CONCLUSION: The morphology and morphometry of the SS show individual differences. These anatomic variations are important for decision making and application for surgical interventions (especially transsphenoidal surgery).

Evaluation of the facet joints with magnetic resonance images in the patients with disc degeneration and spondylolisthesis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to research in detail the morphology of the facet orientation (FO) and tropism (FT) in degenerative diseases. METHOD: This study consisted of patients with disc degeneration (DD) and with lumbar spondylolisthesis (LS) as well as a control group without these two diseases. The group of patients with DD was separated by DD grades. Vertebral body and intervertebral discs' (IVDs) morphometric values, facet joint osteoarthritis (OA) grading, FO and FT were examined in all the groups. All measurements were applied to MRIs of 353 patients. RESULT: There was a significant difference in facet angle values between the groups at L4-L5 (FO: p = 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between FO at L4-L5 and L4 vertebral body anterior posterior diameter and L5 mid-vertebral body height, in 353 patients (p = 0.003; p = 0.010). Facet joint OA grading scores were lower in the control group than in the disc degeneration patient (DDP) and LS groups (p < 0.05). Sagittal FO was seen with the increase of facet joint OA scores at L4-L5 in the control and DDP groups (control: p = 0.001; DDP: p = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Facet joints can show different orientation values in LS and DDP groups at L4-L5. The presence of FT is a risk factor for an LS patient at L4-L5. Sagittal FO is seen with vertebral slip at L5-S1. FO is affected by the morphometric changes of the vertebral body at L4-L5. Discussions in this regard need to be resolved through further research.

Reevaluation of Mandibular Morphometry According to Age, Gender, and Side.

AIM: This study aims to reevaluation the linear and angular measurements of mandibles with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) that is a new method and used frequently in recent years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The archived MDCT images of 100 adult patients (age range, 15-74 years) without mandibular operation and trauma history were evaluated retrospectively. Mandibular ramus heights, maximal mandibular length, mandibular symphysis height, mandibular angles, and mandibular foramen distance measurements were performed on MDCT images. All measurement parameters were analyzed by gender, age groups, and sides. RESULTS: Mandibular linear length measurements were higher in males than in females (P < 0.05). Only mandibular symphysis height was statistically significantly different in age groups (P < 0.05). The Angle 1 (gonial angle) was found to be significantly higher in females (P < 0.05). The Angle 3 (right condyle-gnathion-left condyle angle) was observed to be significantly higher in the 60+ age group (P < 0.05). The 3 of the mandibular foramen measurements (distance from the front edge, distance to gonion, and height of lingula) were found to be higher in males than in females (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences according to age groups in these measurements. The lengths of the mandibular canals were higher in males (44.72 mm) than in females (41.68 mm). There was no statistically significant difference was found between gender, age groups, and sides of mandibular canal length. CONCLUSION: The MDCT was found to be a reliable method for the detection of mandibular morphometry when compared with the results of other radiographic images studies.

Mental foramen and lingual vascular canals of mandible on MDCT images: anatomical study and review of the literature.

The mental foramen and lingual vascular canals are related to vessels and nerves in the mandibular body. The aim of the present study was to determine the number and location of these structures and to make measurements of them. The archived Multidetector Computed Tomography images of 100 adult (15- to 70-year-old) patients were evaluated retrospectively. The diameters of the mental foramens and their distances from the front, back, upper and lower reference points were measured. The distribution of mental foramens with respect to the teeth was also researched. The presence of lingual vascular canals, and the number of median and lateral canals was determined, and the length of the median lingual vascular canals measured. All measurement parameters were analyzed by gender, side and age group. Eleven patients demonstrated a total of 15 accessory mental foramen. Median lingual vascular canals were observed in 100% of cases, with lateral lingual vascular canals determined in 32%. Significant differences were observed in the results of different gender groups (P < 0.05); in contrast, no significant difference was observed related with age or side. Accessory mental foramen was determined mostly in males, and unilaterally on the right side; also, the distances of mental foramen, except the distance from the back border of the mandible (P < 0.05), were found to be higher, bilaterally, in males. Variation of mental foramen, as well as the presence, position and size of lingual vascular canals can be clearly investigated by multidetector computed tomography. A preoperative knowledge of the positions of neurovascular and bone structures is very important for preventing complications that may occur during or after operations.

The effect of the presence of the accessory maxillary ostium on the maxillary sinus.

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of the accessory maxillary ostium and its effects on the maxillary sinus, and the concurrent occurrence of morphological variations of neighboring anatomical structures. This study was performed in a tertiary referral center. This is a cross-sectional retrospective study that evaluated coronal CTs of patients to determine the frequency of the accessory maxillary ostium and investigated any simultaneous morphological variations in neighboring anatomical structures. The presence of the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) plus any concurrent morphological variations of neighboring structures were investigated in 377 patients, with 754 sides. AMO was found to be present in 19.1 % (72/377) of the patients. A concurrent mucus retention cyst was found to be statistically significant on both sides (right side: p = 0.00, left side: p = 0.00), as well as mucosal thickening (right side: p = 0.00, left side: p = 0.00), and maxillary sinusitis (right side: p = 0.04, left side: p = 0.03). No other concurrent variations of statistical significance were detected in the neighboring structures. Our study demonstrated that with the presence of AMO, the likelihood of encountering a mucus retention cyst (48.6 %) had an approximately threefold increase, and that of encountering mucosal thickening (43.0 %) and maxillary sinusitis (29.1 %) had a twofold increase.

Investigation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and their combinations with prednisolone.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus and their combinations with prednisolone using an in vitro rat embryo culture technique. Cyclosporine A (4-40 µg/ml), tacrolimus (1-20 µg/ml) and combinations of these drugs with prednisolone (20 µg/ml) at different concentrations were tested. Cyclosporine A and its combination with prednisolone were determined to have toxic effects on embryonic growth after 10 µg/ml. When used alone, the lowest dose of tacrolimus had embryotoxic effects on the total morphological score and number of somites. It was determined that cyclosporine A caused hematoma at 4 µg/ml and higher doses, and tacrolimus especially at 20 µg/ml caused an open neural tube beside hematoma. It was observed that cyclosporine A at 40 µg/ml dose initiated apoptotic effects at a very low rate, prednisolone increased this effect, tacrolimus led to excessive apoptosis after 15 µg/ml, and this effect did not change with prednisolone supplement. We are of the opinion that the doses should be determined carefully when cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are required to be administered to pregnant women with prednisolone combination, as prednisolone increases the toxic effects of cyclosporine A, and increases teratogenic effects of tacrolimus.

A morphometric analysis of the superior cervical ganglion and its surrounding structures.

PURPOSE: The aim of this cadaveric study was to detect the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in a topographic manner according to vertebrae and to determine the relationship between the vertebrae, mandibular angle and longus colli muscle through morphometric analysis. METHODS: The present study was performed on 40 SCG of 20 human cadavers (16 males, 4 females). The level of the SCG was determined based on the vertebrae. Ganglion length, width and thickness were detected. Distance to the adjacent vertebra, the mandibular angle and medial side of the longus colli muscle were measured. The results were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The SCG existing in all cadavers was detected at the C2 vertebra level in 34 cadavers and at the C3 vertebra level in 6 cadavers. The average length, width and thickness of the SCG were 15.18 ± 1.12, 4.62 ± 0.25, and 1.83 ± 0.10 mm, respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected in terms of the distances between the ganglion and anterior tubercle of transverse processes of the vertebrae as well as the mandibular angle on either side. The distance between the SCG and the medial edge of the longus colli muscle was significantly greater on the left side in both men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Recognition of morphometric characteristics of the SCG and detection of its location according to adjacent formations may serve as a guide for nerve blockage studies and help surgeons to preserve the ganglion in both anterior and anterolateral cervical approaches.

Anatomical examination of the foramens of the middle cranial fossa / Examinación anatómica de los forámenes de la fosa craneal media

Three foramina can be identified in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone: The foramen rotundum (FR), foramen ovale (FO) and foramen spinosum (FS). In addition, there may be another foramen called foramen ovale accessorium or foramen vesalius (FV) which connects the middle cranial fossa to the fossa pterygoidea (pterygoid fossa). It is described as an opening with smooth walls in front and medial to foramen ovale which leads to an oblique channel directed towards the fossa pterygoidea. FV was present between FO and FR in 14 (31.8%) of 44 dry and 6 (33.3%) of 18 cadaver skullbase sides (total 20 (32.3%) of 62). The diameter values of foramens on both the right and the left side were observed to be almost symmetrical. FR's distance from the midline on the left side was greater than the right side. Also, the distance between FO and the petrous apex and the distance between FS and the petrous apex were greater on the left side. On the right side the distance between FO and FR, and the distance between FO and FS were greater. Also, the distance between FR and the petrous apex was greater on the right side. Anatomical variations in appearance size and distance of FR, FO, FS and FV are of great surgical importance. In conclusion, we can infer that the information provided with this study can help the neurosurgeon and anatomist to increase the knowledge about anatomy of middle cranial fossa.

Tres forámenes pueden ser identificados en el ala mayor del esfenoides: El foramen redondo (FR), foramen oval (FO) y el foramen espinoso (FS). Puede además existir otro foramen llamado foramen oval accesorio o foramen de Vesalio (FV), que conecta la fosa craneal media a la fosa pterigoidea. Se describe como una abertura con paredes lisas por anterior y medial al foramen oval, que conduce a un canal oblicuo dirigido hacia la fosa pterigoidea. FV estuvo presente entre FO y FR en 14 (31,8%) de 44 cráneos secos y 6 (33,3%), en 18 lados en la base de cráneos de cadáveres (total 20 (32,3%) de 62). El diámetro de los forámenes en los lados derecho e izquierdo se observó casi simétricos. Las distancias de FR desde la línea mediana en el lado izquierdo fue mayor que en el lado derecho. Además, la distancia entre FO y el vértice de la porción petrosa y la distancia entre el FS y el vértice porción petrosa fueron mayores en el lado izquierdo. En el lado derecho la distancia entre A y FR, así como la distancia entre A y FS fueron mayores. Por otra parte, la distancia entre los FR y el vértice del porción petrosa fue mayor en el lado derecho. Las variaciones anatómicas en el tamaño de la apariencia y la distancia de FR, DE, FS y FV son de gran importancia quirúrgica. Podemos inferir que la información proporcionada en este estudio puede ayudar al neurocirujano y anatomista para aumentar el conocimiento sobre la anatomía de la fosa craneal media.

Developmental anomalies of bronchial tree: a multidetector computerized tomography study / Anomalías del desarrollo del árbol bronquial: un estudio mediante tomografía computarizada multidetector

Anomalies of the bronchial tree may cause recurrent acute pulmonary infection and persistent obstruction symptoms. The developmental anomalies of the bronchial tree were presented mostly as case reports with an accompanying anomaly. However in this study, these anomalies were detected in multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) images which have no reported pathology. Thoracic MDCT images of 400 patients (0-74 years old, 224 male and 176 female) were evaluated. Four tracheal bronchus (1percent) were detected. Three of them were displaced type, one of them was pig bronchus. And two accessory cardiac bronchus (0,5 percent) originated from medial wall of the intermediate bronchus were detected. According to our findings, incidence of tracheal bronchus and accessory cardiac bronchus seems to be higher in Turkish population.

Las anomalías del árbol bronquial pueden causar una infección pulmonar aguda recurrente y síntomas de obstrucción persistente. Las anomalías del desarrollo del árbol bronquial se presentan principalmente como informes de casos con una anomalía de acompañante. Sin embargo, en este estudio se detectaron estas anomalías en las imágenes de tomografía computarizada multidetector (TCMD), donde no se habían informado esta patología. Se evaluaron las imágenes de TCMD torácica de 400 pacientes (0-74 años, 224 hombres y 176 mujeres). Se detectaron cuatro bronquios traqueales (1 por ciento). Tres de ellos fueron de tipo desplazado, uno fue tipo bronquio de cerdo, y dos bronquio cardiaco accesorio (0,5 por ciento), originados de la pared medial del bronquio intermedio. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, la incidencia de bronquio traqueal y bronquios cardiacos accesorios parecen ser mayor en la población turca.